Assignment 6 - Create an Research Paper, Resume, Cover Letter Paper

Assignment 6 - Create an , Resume, Cover Letter - Research Paper Example In this discussion, therefore, anecdotes are discussed. These anecdotes have been empowered with anticipates and doubts out of all fraction to their actual effect. The thousand minute scale experiments that are occurring now and the transformational methods must be distinguished. It is particularly vital to talk about the hopes that people invest in distributed information technology (Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation 175). Technology will bring utopian vision. Nevertheless professional disclosure about the internet gives a standard story about the way in which the internet is supposed to transform things, that is through â€Å"disintermediation†. An example case of disintermediation is Wal-Mart. Sam Walton comprehend that people will to force further to save money and the information technology can track and forecast inventories frequently and in details (Norris 34). The concept of disintermediation is essential to the social thoughts of many computer natives: it gives their theory of transforms in markets, business firms, political institutions, higher learning, and so on. The most significant example of disintermediation is the â€Å"delivering† of organizations that are said to have occurred at around 1990; this incident by directing to the communicative purpose of middle managers. They convey message up to the information upward and downward the ladder that computer networks are well outfitted to replace. The internet has a role in mobilization and coalition work. For instance in broadcasting a message to one’s coalition partners about an activity taking place in congress. Electronic mail makes it easier to agree on a unified message or draft a collective letter. 1Political mobilization is a basic element for understanding why some associates of the public contribute while others do no (Unraveling the

Sociology & Ireland Essay Example for Free

Sociology Ireland Essay In Ireland, ones position in the social class hierarchy tremendously affects their life chances. The probability of one being able to access opportunities that would increase their quality of life is determined by their social status. The opportunities which are required for one to improve their quality of life include food, healthcare, a good education; shelter and clothing all require one to be in a good financial position in order for them to be accessed. Ones quality of life however does not just mean having access to the mentioned societal resources, it also involves one having the ability to purchase and goods or procures them, having a stable income through employments where employment refers to one having a career of their choice that gives them satisfaction (Bilton et al, 2002). Good quality of life implies that one is able to satisfy all their needs and those of their families comfortably. Other aspects of quality life are not being vulnerable to crime, being mentally and physically healthy and elimination chances of poverty in ones life. In Ireland and the world as a whole, life chances of individual’s are basically affected by their position in the social class hierarchy. The social hierarchies can either be in terms of politics or wealth. Either way the effect on one to get access to the mentioned opportunities that improve quality of life is the same. Individuals at the top of these hierarchies have the capability of getting a good education and access to good healthcare services. This implies that they are able to remain healthy and pursue their careers as they have all the required resources at their deposit. Ireland is characterized by high levels of youth unemployment (Tovey Share, 2003). Individuals ranked high in the social hierarchy however have no problems with unemployment cases. This is attributed to the fact that they always have influence that is either political or financial. They use this influence to get jobs for themselves or for their f families in almost any field of profession they choose to. The high rates of unemployment worldwide and especially in third world countries are sometimes due to lack of adequate education, individuals ranked high in social class hierarchy however do not experience such problems as they have access and can afford all the education they would wish to have. Ireland is also characterized by cases of psychological distress among most of the middle and low class individuals as they find it hard to get employment in spite of their education (Tovey Share, 2003). Employment in Ireland has been greatly politicised making it possible only for those who have influence to be able to get employment for themselves or family. The lack of control over employment by those ranked low in the social hierarchy has caused them to develop stress as they are not able to meet their needs. This has increased levels of poverty in the country amongst individuals occupying the middle and low positions of the social hierarchy. In Ireland, ones chance of life depend ion the connections they have with those ranked high in the social hierarchy, their family wealth, land or business, and if one is employed. In the event that one has none of the above then they have no chances of improving their quality of life. Ones position in the social hierarchy also affects chances of life globally. This is evident from the status of citizens in different countries. Countries that are wealthy are more developed and have their citizens leading better quality of life as they access to education, healthcare, shelter and food (Bilton et al. , 2002). There also are more employment opportunities in these countries as compared to the poor ones. Third world countries which are not as wealthy as the developed countries however are characterized by their citizens living low quality of life. Evidence is from the fact that individuals from these countries have no access to good education and healthcare. These countries are also characterized by cases of starvation, lack of employment opportunities, poor shelter and high rates of crime. The fact that they are low in the global social hierarchy does make it impossible for their citizens to improve their quality of life. It can therefore be concluded that one’s position in the social hierarchy heavily determines their life chances as the probability of them accessing the opportunities that improve the quality of life if they is greatly affected by their social status. The higher their position in the hierarchy the easier it is to access the opportunities. Word count: 750 References Bilton, T. et al (2002). Introductory Sociology, 4th edition. London: Palgrave

Diseases During the Civil War Essay -- Health Military Papers

We are all aware of the tragedy that took place in our nation from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War resulted in needless, devastating deaths of thousands of soldiers. What we might not be aware of, however, is the number one killer throughout those years. More soldiers died from this single calamity than battle wounds or blood loss. The catastrophe that tragically affected more soldiers than any other element of the war was disease. Diseases did not only affect the soldiers in a tremendous way. As I will discuss in greater detail further in this paper, diseases gave an advantage to the Northern side of the war, and this played a role in their victory. Additionally, the treatments and discoveries that were made as diseases were treated led to spillover effects that have changed certain aspects of our lives today, providing advances in the realm of medicine. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how diseases played a larger role in the Civil War than is generally known. Diseases did not affect the soldiers fighting for the Northern side and the Southern side in an equal fashion. In contrast, the Confederate soldiers were hindered much more deeply than the Union soldiers. This gave an advantage to the Union side. Diseases played a role in the strength of the Union Army and the weakening of the Confederate Army, although it is impossible to say diseases alone were the cause of their victory. After realizing that diseases benefited the Union Army, one begins to wonder why. Why did the Union soldiers survive diseases more frequently that Confederates soldiers? Although that question is pressing and relevant, it is beyond the realm of this paper to thoroughly explain the answer. There were most certainly several factors that pla... ...ed. We cannot find soldiers left on the battlefield and correctly treat their wounds with knowledge that is readily available. We cannot cure diseased men with vaccinations that are now commonly used. In short, the past has been done. What we can do, however, is search for a way to make some good out of this horrendous situation that altered our history. What better way can we honor soldiers who have had their lives taken by diseases than to use discoveries made to save the lives of others? We cannot allow the men whose lives were overcome by sicknesses to die in vain. Soldiers who lost their lives to diseases during the Civil War did not only die for their country, (what else did they die for?). Their tragic deaths have allowed the lives of humanity today to be improved. Diseases during the Civil War did indeed play a bigger role than is commonly recognized today.

Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills Essay -- Etiquette Interviews Ma

Proper Etiquette and Interview Skills Business Etiquette Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client. People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do. Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people (and making them comfortable around you!) Being a good conversationalist To be a successful conversationalist, you must also believe that listening is power. Because our society places so much emphasis on speaking as the way to win friends and influence people, good listeners can quietly have a powerful and subversive impact. You should also remember that speakers have little power without listeners. Speakers share their wisdom and try to persuade, but listeners make meaning of what is heard -- they make the ultimate decision to act on what they hear. When it comes to talking during an interview, sometimes less is more. As a general rule, you should speak one-third of the time and definitely no more than half of the time. That's because the best interviews have a give-and-take atmosphere where you're discussing who the company is looking for, why you're the right candidate and how having you on board will solve the firm's challenges. To do this, you need to ask questions and try to draw out your interviewer rather than talking about yourself nonstop. Phone Etiquette Employers use telephone interviews as a way of identifying and recruiting candidates for employment. Phone interviews are often used to screen candidates in order to narrow the pool of applicants who will be invited for in-person interviews. They are also used as way to minimize the expenses involved in interviewing out-of-town candidates. While you're actively job searching, it's important to be prepared for a phone interview on a moments notice. You never know when a recruiter or a networking contact might call and ask if you have a few minutes to talk. Good phone ability is a requirement of almost every job at all levels. This is a chance to demonstrate your phone communications skills. Face-to-face communication consists of three elements: words, tone of voice and bo... ...gh your training program each year? †¢ How does your company's tuition reimbursement program work? †¢ What new product lines/services have been announced recently? †¢ What is the average age of top management? †¢ Will you describe ______________ to me? (The personality of a ranking officer often reveals a lot about the company philosophy). †¢ Could you tell me about public transportation to your company? †¢ How many people are you interviewing for this position? †¢ What are the things you like least/most about working here? †¢ If I am extended an offer of employment, how soon after this would you like me to start? †¢ When can I expect to hear from you? As the interview closes, be sure to express interest in the position and briefly summarize why you are qualified. Then ask what the next step will be or when you can expect to hear from the interviewer. This inquiry demonstrates your confidence and interest and gives you important information. Finally, ask for a business card so you can send a thank you letter within 24 hours. If no card is available, make sure you learn the correct spelling of the interviewer's first and last name.

Role of Hrm in Various Industries.Doc

HRM is a new discipline of Management, recently taking roots in Pakistan. Personnel Administration is its previous version that was mainly focused to strengthen of bureaucratic structure in the organization as compared to new facets of HRM that is more considerate to employees strategically aligned with the business, ultimately changing the ways organizations were run by. However it will take some time to be fully functional as it is still in its embryonic stage in most of the Pakistani organizations. WHY HRM IS SO IMPORTANT IN THE CURRENT BUSINESS DYNAMICS? ?RIGHT MAN FOR RIGHT JOB: HRM has marked its importance through TALENT SEARCH and TALENT DEVELOPMENT. Analyzing the top best 100 companies demonstrate one common characteristic i. e. Strengthened HR Departments that strategize RECRUITMENT & SELECTION PROCESS through policies of TOP MANAGEMENT. Every job got a person with the required skills, knowledge and traits that ensure right decision at the right time. ?TRANSPARENCY HRM ensures transparency in all aspects of an organization . i. e. ecruitment and selection, performance management, reward & punishment that are the baseline of employee’s motivation commitment to any organization. ?TIME SAVING HRM has been identified as tool of time saving through its various business linked strategies that saves time of business operations and processes by facilitating business clientele ultimately resulting in enhanced customer base and business results. ?COMPETITION HRM has encoura ged competition in and among organizations as the existing talent tries for excelling from each other and the same way organizations promote competition. MERIT BASED CULTURE HRM has encouraged competition that requires talented people to hold the important positions to excel in the current race of cut throat competition. The traditional approaches of nepotism are no longer to sustain in the business race. ?CAPACITY BUILDING Business world is changing every day. It requires new skills, knowledge and talents after every passing day. What works today, don’t work tomorrow. HRM is upgrading Human Resource through continuous trainings that cater for current skills inventory as well as developing for future requirements. ?IMPROVED WORK QUALITY HRM has proved helpful in improving the work quality through emphasizing provision of better working environment & conditions, focusing on employees health and counseling for employees problems that not only motivate them but also improve the quality of work. We can say that A MOTIVATED EMPLOYEE IS AN ASSET FOR ORGANIZATION WHILE A DEMOTIVATED EMPLOYEE IS A LIABILITY. ?BETTER COST / BENEFIT RESULTS A recent study published in Weekly Business Magazine, â€Å"FORTUNE† reveals that the top best 50 organizations with empowered HR functional Departments had better cost / benefit results than those with traditional Personnel Departments. INDUSTRIAL HARMONY HRM has proved itself through stabilizing industrial peace and promoting industrial harmony throughout the industry. HRM aspect of employee’s consideration reduced the communication gap between employees and top management, ultimately policies are being formulated having employees say that leads to corporate culture with ba lanced and harmonized environment. ?EMPLOYEES MOTIVATION HRM has been identified as a support function to employees through its various incentive & awards programs for employee’s encouragement that leads to enhanced employees retention trends. ?PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY HRM basic function is to search out the best available market talent in order to maximize the organization out, contributing towards its goals and objectives that ultimately leads to increased production and profits. ?TRUE PICTURE OF MANAGENT VIEW Core HR practices reflect the Top Management’s view about employees consideration. HR policies reflect how much the Management recognize their employees contributions towards organization goals. In today’s business race, only those organizations can excel which have the best HR policies towards employees motivation, commitment and retention. OVERALL ORGANIZATIONIMAGE An organization with better HR practices is not only admired among it’s own employees but also among the employees of other organizations that have relatively weaker HR practices. Employees feel pride to have an affiliation with such organization as it becomes a symbol of social status that is a parameter of measuring an organization market image. In short if our organizations get better Human Resource, related policies and practices, they would be enjoying more productivity and related business results and ultimately contributing more towards stabilizing the state economy.

Suffer and Suffrage

Suffer and Suffrage Suffer and Suffrage Suffer and Suffrage By Maeve Maddox When I first encountered the words suffrage, suffragist, and suffragette, I imagined that they had something to do with suffering. After all, black men and black and white women had to suffer before they acquired the right to vote, didn’t they? Actually, the two words have different origins. Suffer descends from a Latin word that meant, â€Å"to endure,† or â€Å"to suffer† in the same sense that we use the word. Syrian refugees suffer tough conditions at Jordan refugee camp. Rhinos suffer at the hands of poachers. Women Suffer Most from [economic] Crisis. Suffer is used both transitively (with a direct object) and intransitively. For example, one suffers a heart attack, abuse, or neglect, but suffers from heart disease, diabetes, or other medical conditions. Subtle differences can exist between transitive and intransitive use. Compare: Indian schools suffer federal neglect. Indian schools suffer from federal neglect. The first sentence can be construed to mean only that the schools are being neglected or ignored. The second sentence suggests that the schools are experiencing negative results because of the neglect. The word suffer in the King James translation of Mark 10:14 seems to have more to do with suffrage than suffer: â€Å"Suffer the little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not, for of such is the Kingdom of God.† Jesus is telling his events’ organizers to allow the children to take part in the proceedings. The Latin source of the word suffrage meant, â€Å"a vote of support.† The first definition given for suffrage in the OED is â€Å"Prayers, especially intercessory prayers, intercessions.† By the 16th century, the word had the meaning of â€Å"a vote given in assent to the election of a person† and â€Å"in an extended sense, a vote for or against any controverted question or nomination.† Shakespeare used suffrages to mean â€Å"votes of approval† in Titus Andronicus (1594): People of Rome, and people’s Tribunes here, I ask your voices and your suffrages. –I.i.218. Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776) used suffrage to mean â€Å"the collective vote of a body of people.† The framers of Article V of the U.S. Constitution were apparently the first to use the word to mean â€Å"the right or privilege of voting as a member of a body, state, etc.†: no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. The word suffragist initially had the non-gendered meaning of â€Å"an advocate of the extension of the political franchise.† After about 1885, the word came to be applied most frequently to advocates of voting rights for women. When the word was feminized into suffragette, British women embraced it, but in the United States, the term was viewed as disparaging. American women preferred suffragist or â€Å"suffrage worker.† Suffragette also came to have a connotation of radicalism and militancy in the United States. The suffix -ette comes from the French feminine diminutive suffix. In English it is ordinarily used to form nouns denoting small or brief examples of the thing denoted by the first element: diskette: small disk towelette: small towel kitchenette: small kitchen H.W. Fowler objected to the coinage suffragette because it tended â€Å"to vitiate the popular conception of the termination’s meaning.† He consigned the word to oblivion: â€Å"May its influence on word-making die with it!† I doubt he’d much care for our new word dudette. You can learn some fascinating facts about the history of universal suffrage at these two sites: Universal Suffrage U.S. Voting Rights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireWhat's a Male Mistress?Ulterior and Alterior

How to be weird essays

How to be weird essays The film: To Kill a Mockingbird was based on the book by Harper Lee. The director of the film is Robert Mulligan. The movie takes place during the 1930s in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Just like in the book, it is about a widowed father of two who is a lawyer. He is supposed to defend an African American man accused of raping and beating a young white woman. Atticus is faced with ha hard decision. He knows Tom (the accused) is innocent. However, Maycomb is stuck in its ways and he does not want to harm his family by trying to change it. In the end, Atticus does the right thing by defending Tom. However, the whole town is affected. Gregory Peck plays Atticus Finch, a slightly old, but wise man. In the film, Atticus (Gregory) is lawyer during the great depression. He has two children. He is a widowed single father. Atticus is portrayed in the book as a man who is the same way at home as in public. Gregory does a good job of acting out his role as Atticus. Mulligan does a swell job at portraying Atticus. After all Atticus is supposed to be a fare and strong yet humble person. This felt in the film exactly as it was in the novel. Atticus has two children, Jem and Scout. Jem is a ten-year-old boy. The actor who lays him is Philip Alford. Jem is at the age where he is starting to mature. He is interested in his fathers business. Some may call him noisy. In the book, he would ask his father a lot of questions about Boo Radley (the neighbor) and Tom Robinsons case. Jem is a curious boy. He likes to investigate and try to protect his younger sister, Scout. In the novel, he gets upset because Atticus is older that the other fathers. He (as well a Scout) does not believe their father has any cool qualities. Later, he realizes that his father does have cool qualities, just not the ones he would have thought was cool. Jem grows a lot during the period of the book. He goes from a silly young boy who just cares about ...

The Effectivity of Peanut Meal essays

The Effectivity of Peanut Meal essays This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of peanut meal as a potential weed killer. Its objective was to find out if peanut meal would decrease the number of weeds and/or inhibit weed growth and to detemine if the treatment would Three treatments were formulated for the experiment. Treatment A, comprising of the peanut meal, was obtained by extracting the oil from peanuts with the use of a Soxhlet apparatus. Treatment B is the peanut itself and treatment C, the control, is plain water. Three land areas with the same dimensions were isolated for the experi-ment. Ten individual weeds were labeled in each area and observed for changes in At the same time, a germination study was conducted. An equal number of mongo seeds were placed in two petri dishes with osterized peanut meal. Geermination of the weeds and their changes in length were observed. Lengths were After two weeks of treatment no significant changes were observed in areas A and B. The mongo seeds with peanut meal were observed to have relatively less germination than the mongo seeds without peanut meal. It is concluded that peanut meal particles completed for moisture and is not an effective weed killer. The Philippines is greatly dependent on its agricultural produce, the palay, which is processed into rice and is a necessity for both the country and for eco-nomic growth through exports. It is therefore important to be able to produce the highest possible palay yield. This is difficult, however, because of weeds. Weeds have always been hard to control even with the introduction of herbicides into the market. The problem with these herbicides, relatively effective as they are, is that they are chemically based and usually have trace elements in the soil, which may be harmful to non-weed plants like palay. Weeds are regarded as nuisance to the agricultural industry. It is also a troublesome element along highways, rail...

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Questions - Essay Example He also stated that the importance and allegation of myth depends on the investigation pertaining to a particular philosophy. In terms of philosophical investigations, Plato revealed that myths are considered to be full of errors. This is decided based on the type of myth and the philosophy in which it is being utilized. Phaedo, Plato’s innovative work describes about death and the myths that revolve around the concept of death. It also defines the opposites and their arguments which in turn emphasize on the fact that myths are considered to be a concept which relies on arguments and opposites. Acceptance of a philosophy or a theory and the knowledge of that theory depends on the reality. The theories must comply well with its existence even before it is perceived to become a reality. The special conditions and limits define the way in which a myth is understood and conceived. Metaphysics was named as Aristotle’s first philosophy and it described the universal principles and the existence of human beings. This theory emphasized on the wisdom and its nature and this was explained in a scientific manner. Aristotle aimed at rediscovering the scientific facts which is considered to be a turning point in the field of science. Even the existence of universe and humanity where explained in a different perspective. His opinion about was also different and he made it a point to explain them in each and every work of his. (Cohen, 2005). Myth donned a completely different role in Aristotle’s metaphysics. Though Aristotle was a follower of Plato, his opinion and judgment on myth was entirely different when compared to that of Plato’s. Aristotle’s idea of myth was considered to be harsh in most of his philosophies. But in certain situations, he appreciates the concept of myth and defines it in a cosmological and

What affects development in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland Research Paper

What affects development in Bulgaria, Hungary, Lithuania and Poland Statistical project (must be done in State program) - Research Paper Example The model had GDP as the dependent variable and energy production (kt of oil equivalent); exports of goods and services (% of GDP); gross savings (% of GDP); imports of goods and services (% of GDP); labour participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+); life expectancy at birth, total (years); market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP); real interest rate (%); research and development expenditure (% of GDP); stocks traded, total value (% of GDP); Bulgaria dummy variable; Hungary dummy variable; Lithuania dummy variable; year 1995 dummy variable; 1996D; 1997D; 1998D; 1999D; 2000D; 2001D; 2002D; 2003D; 2004D; 2005D; 2006D; 200D7 and 2008D as the independent variables. The model results demonstrated that a percentage increase in energy production (kt of oil equivalent), ceteris paribus, leads to 0.0003 percentage increase in GDP while a percentage increase in the average of exports and imports of goods and services (% of GDP), ceteris paribus, causes the GDP to grow by 0.017 percent. Further, a percentage increase in gross savings (% of GDP), ceteris paribus, cause the GDP to grow by 0.77 percent while an increase of one percent in labor participation rate total (% of total population ages 15), ceteris paribus, causes a decrease in GDP growth of 0.35 percent. A percentage increase in life expectancy at birth, total (years), ceteris paribus, causes the GDP to increase by 2.9 percent while market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP) increase by one percent causes a 0.21 percentage increase in GDP. Real interest rate (%) increase by one percent causes a GDP decrease of 0.06 percent while an increase in research and development expenditure (% of GDP) by one percent decreases GDP growth by 0.62 percent. An increase of one percent in stocks traded, total value (% of GDP) causes the GDP to decrease by 0.02 percent. Further, the GDP for Bulgaria was found to be higher than that for Poland by 0.32 percent while that for

Discourse Community Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Discourse Community Analysis - Essay Example The way the group looked at Anne as she went towards them showed that they were not in the least bit interested in making friends with her. They did not reach out to make her feel welcome. The group being members of the church should have been gracious to welcome her since Anne happens to be the visitor. In fact when Anne reached out to them one turned her back to Anne to block her from communicating with the rest. These actions distinctly showed Anne that she does not belong to the group. The words â€Å"From what church are you from?† could have meant something positive like they want to get to know her more and possibly become friends but the succeeding remark, â€Å"But your Minister Rinaldi, is a foreigner, right?† and the negative intonation showed disapproval. Even if Anne mentioned that their churches were affiliates, they still didn’t accept Anne as part of their group. Their intention to disassociate from Anne can further be seen when they left her and they did not show interest if she followed them or not. The way they looked at Anne from under their noses and when they emphasized about Minister Rinaldi being a foreigner shows that they feel that they are higher in stature than Anne and Minister Rinaldi. It appears the women do not approve of the foreigner being a Minister for whatever reason and they also do not approve of Anne for being part of that Foreign Minister’s church. The group uses non verbal actions to show people they do not like their true feelings for them. They do not want to easily admit people in their tight circle. They would really try to make one feel the odd one out. They initially tried pushing Anne away by not reaching out to her, by moving and turning ones back to her, and by not letting her finish her sentences. They made their final point when they finally left her without cordially saying farewell. They are typical people who want to make a stand but prefer not to say things

Auto Purchase Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Auto Purchase Worksheet - Essay Example   With all these basic points in my mind I have now prepared a list of three cars which I found to be matching with my requirement ideas. These three cars are Honda accord, Toyota Camry and Nissan  maxima. Undoubtedly, there are some crucial factors that are influencing my decision making. Firstly, my financial status to buy a car is confined within a budget of $20,000 including the bank interest of 4.5 percent by the bank; hence I cannot cross this limit. Optionally, I can buy a car from a private party if it offers a good deal. Secondly, I have to sell my existing car to the dealer or a private party and use the money in a new deal.   Now I am preparing worksheet making it easier for me to compare, calculate and finally decide to buy a particular car.   My research worksheet goes like this.   Through this research I could assume a comparative calculation of the prices of these cars along with the mileage differences.  Here I found dealer’s trade bit costly than the private parties. Take for example Mr. Bill Jones’s Toyota Camry costing $16000. Well it seems to be a good deal than the Highway dealers cost of $20,000. But when I noticed Mr. Bills Camrys mileage I realized that 30259 kilometers is to high mileage. No doubt I am buying a used car but at least its mileage should be below 20,000 kilometers. Frankly saying throughout the worksheet I found Highway dealers Honda Accord to be the best one costing $18000 and my second option is Mrs. Anna Jones Nissan Maxima costing $17000. Though the mileage is bit higher but I liked the condition of the car as it is used single handedly. There are two more conditions that are important for me to consider before the final decision. Firstly, I want to buy the car in a bank loan Finance and pay in monthly installments and secondly, I want to trade in my existing car in the new deal. To solve this

Knowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Knowing - Essay Example There were some who doubted if he was really born in the United States of America. Going by our criteria, most reasonable people in society have no problem with President Obama’s proving that Donald Trump was wrong. This gives justification to President Obama’s birth certificate. Secondly, President Barack Obama released a copy of his birth certificate to prove the doubters wrong. The majority of people accept that his birth certificate is legitimate and that he was in fact born in Hawaii. Finally, we can accept the accounts of witnesses at the time, who verified that he was born in Hawaii. We believe that those doctors actually carried out the birth of Barack Obama and did not make anything up. On the other hand however, one example that does not meet these criteria was the claims of Harold Camping, who predicted that the world would end on the 21st of May, 2011. According to our definition of knowledge, Harold Camping was not justified in his conviction that the world would end. The reason for this is that not only did the event not happen, but many people did not trust his word before the supposed event. Subsequently, Camping’s claims were not proven true, so they cannot be accepted as the truth, no matter what anyone says. Lastly, many people do not believe in Camping’s worldview.

Auto Purchase Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Auto Purchase Worksheet - Essay Example   With all these basic points in my mind I have now prepared a list of three cars which I found to be matching with my requirement ideas. These three cars are Honda accord, Toyota Camry and Nissan  maxima. Undoubtedly, there are some crucial factors that are influencing my decision making. Firstly, my financial status to buy a car is confined within a budget of $20,000 including the bank interest of 4.5 percent by the bank; hence I cannot cross this limit. Optionally, I can buy a car from a private party if it offers a good deal. Secondly, I have to sell my existing car to the dealer or a private party and use the money in a new deal.   Now I am preparing worksheet making it easier for me to compare, calculate and finally decide to buy a particular car.   My research worksheet goes like this.   Through this research I could assume a comparative calculation of the prices of these cars along with the mileage differences.  Here I found dealer’s trade bit costly than the private parties. Take for example Mr. Bill Jones’s Toyota Camry costing $16000. Well it seems to be a good deal than the Highway dealers cost of $20,000. But when I noticed Mr. Bills Camrys mileage I realized that 30259 kilometers is to high mileage. No doubt I am buying a used car but at least its mileage should be below 20,000 kilometers. Frankly saying throughout the worksheet I found Highway dealers Honda Accord to be the best one costing $18000 and my second option is Mrs. Anna Jones Nissan Maxima costing $17000. Though the mileage is bit higher but I liked the condition of the car as it is used single handedly. There are two more conditions that are important for me to consider before the final decision. Firstly, I want to buy the car in a bank loan Finance and pay in monthly installments and secondly, I want to trade in my existing car in the new deal. To solve this

Media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Media - Case Study Example In addition, with the incorporation of the Human Rights Act of 1998 set forth in Articles 8 & 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), concerning the 'tort of privacy' (although a merely 'implied' principle and a little more defined in the previous decades) the courts must also decide what is 'proportionate' and necessary, or if the injunction requires a 'social need' with regards protection of privacy.2 What is interesting to note here is that other countries encompassed by the European Union have interpreted this principle akin to the law of privacy. The German courts for instance declared that the statute serves to "ensure that the State complies with its positive obligation under the Convention to protect private life and the right to control the use of one's own image"3 It is clear that the two main foundations of the court's issuance of an injunction are the breach of the law of confidence and the principles of tort of 'privacy' (though still unspecified) as enshri ned in UK's Human Rights Act of 1998 and the ECHR. Based on the principles of the law of confidence, ... .4 It has to be remembered that Sporting Sunday has acquired material 'confidential in nature'5, reminiscent in the case of Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41). The material was apparently not 'something which is public property' or constitutes a 'public knowledge'. 6An important requirement in application of this principle, provides that, 'there had to be an unauthorised use of the information' detrimental to the 'confider.' 7 Clearly, the publication of the 'unflattering' and 'imprudent' photographs of the couple, Jones & Davies is detrimental to the claimants as they are popular public figures. This contention is cemented in the case of Venables & Thompson v New Group Newspapers Ltd and others8 when Dame Butler-Sloss granted injunctions 'against the whole world' barring the disclosure of information which could have led to the recognition of the killers of James Bulger. The court decided that the 'disclosure of the information in question might lead to grave, possibly fatal, consequences for the claimants.'9 The primary importance of this decision is that information or personal data cannot be divulged, regardless of the circumstances. The courts must decide if non-disclosure of information threatens public safety. Based on the aforementioned principles, the circumstance surrounding the case of Davies & Jones and the publication of their photographs are not matters of public importance or public interest. In the case of A v B [2003] QB 195 10 the court bestowed an interim injunction which barred a newspaper from disclosing the claimants sexual liaison with a woman to whom the claimant was not married. The injunction was given based on the consideration that the information was, in nature, confidential and subjected under the principles stipulated in

Bullying Is a Legal Crime Essay Example for Free

Bullying Is a Legal Crime Essay On September 18, 2011 a 14-year-old Jamey Redeemer took his life after years of bullying. The news spread in a blink of an eye. The whole country mourned. Jamey cried for help for months. He regularly posted online about being bullied at school and how people would launch insults at him. Soon, students started to bully Jamey online. They posted horrible things like â€Å"I wouldnt care if you died. No one would. So just do it 🙂 It would make everyone WAY more happier!† Jamey left several messages on his blog letting everyone know that he was in trouble and needed help. But still no one listened. On Saturday night he posted a lyric from Lady Gaga’s song on his Facebook page which said: â€Å"Dont forget me when I come crying to heavens door.† In a few hours he wrote that he was looking forward to seeing his great grandmother, who recently died. It was Jamey’s final message. (â€Å"Suicide: Police Consider Criminal Bullying Charges†) As identified by the the United States Department of Justice, bullying has two key components: repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. â€Å"It involves repeated physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him- or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient.†(Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series) In other words, children are verbally and physically assaulted by their peers every day. At school, bullies rip their victims self-esteem to shreds while theirs gets high. It has become a huge problem in the U.S. Nearly 160 000 students stay home and miss school everyday due to the fear of being bullied. 20% of all children say they have been bullied and 20% of high school students say they have seriously considered suicide with the last 12 months. By age 24, 60% of bullies have a criminal record. (â€Å"National Center for Education Statist ics (NCES) Home Page, a Part of the U.S. Department of Education†) As a matter of fact, bullying can occur almost anywhere. At home. At work. At school or even on the street. It becomes a very widespread, invisible threat. Statistics go that that one out of 4 boys or girls will be bullied sometime throughout their childhood. (â€Å"The United States Department of Justice†) The media started to pay more attention to the problem of bullying recently. While it is seemingly impossible to defeat, it can be overturned. This is possible if parents get involved, students are taught how to identify and stop bullying, and if individuals stand up for and support the victims and bullies. These solutions overtime will definitely bring bullying to its demise. One of the widespread questions is who truly a bully is, why does he or she behave in such a way or another. For the most part, bullies are the kids who feel insecure about their beliefs and appearance or who are the victims of bullying. In that case, bullying becomes a mental defense for the victims. â€Å"A number of researchers believe that bullying occurs due to a combination of social interactions with parents, peers and teachers. The history of the parent-child relationship may contribute to cultivating a bully, and low levels of peer and teacher intervention combine to create opportunities for chronic bullies to thrive (as will be discussed later).† (Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series) A child that comes from a poor, abusive and usually one-parent family will probably end up a bully. Being picked on at school or simply rejected by the peers, kids tease smaller ones just to feel better about themselves and release negative energy. Tracy Vaillancourt, Canada Research Chair in children’s mental health and violence prevention at the University of Ottawa claims that there are two types of bullies. The first type is the habitual bullies. â€Å"They tend to be really impulsive and have poor emotional regulation. And that represents about 10 per cent of kids who bully others.† (Interview: Whos a Bully?) Basically, Tracy Vaillancourt is saying that this type of a bully is the most rare one, but at the same time it is the most severe and brutal. It more or less becomes a disease that requires an immediate medical intervention. The point is that this type of a bully is the easiest to identify: it is usually impulsive kids who get into trouble in school for bad behavior. The second type of a bully is everyday kids. According to Tracy Vaillancourt, â€Å"they tend to be really popular; because they have power, they can abuse power.† It is the hardest type of a bully to identify. Therefore, it is the most dangerous one. Parents usually get blindsided when their kid might be bullying someone. They take their child’s side, and it is completely natural. Parents want to protect their son or daughter no matter what. Unfortunately, they don’t realize that they do more harm than good and that the consequence of such parenting behavior can be catastrophic. â€Å"In terms of childhood abuse and bullying, it is possible that intrusive, flashback memories of these traumatic events occur in adolescence and adulthood.† (â€Å"Society and Psychosis†) In other words, the authors of the â€Å"Society and Psychosis† believe that a victim of bullying will suffer psychological harm for almost the rest of his or her life. Moreover, a bullied child is more likely to develop a criminal record or get psychiatric disorder and mental illness than his or her peers. (Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series) At this point, suicidal behavior becomes a real threat. And numerous teenage suicides and suicidal attempts are an alert and a call to action to all of us. As bullying becomes a serious problem, people try to come up with different ways of solving it. Different programs, developed to stop or at least reduce bulling, almost every time pay much attention to the parents and teachers. On the one hand, I agree that authorities including but not limited to parents, teachers and professor are capable of maintaining a positive surrounding for the kids creating a safe, free from bullying environment. But on the other hand, I still insist that those authorities are not the key to solving this problem. Bullying has been identified as a potential threat for a long time. This issue has been discussed many time at the different forums and summits, and all kinds of programs were introduced to stop it. But, apparently, it’s not working. Most of the teachers don’t even care about their students lives, since it’s not their business. That’s the way things are in my home country Russia. Teachers go to the classes, give lectures and go back home. They view their job as a way to educate students on a particular field of study. When, in fact, teachers are mentors for children or at least that’s what the have to be. They should set an example of a loving, accepting, tolerant human being who is willing to help and support a person in need whether it’s a student, colleague or a friend. The most important thing is that the first step in stopping bullying has to be made by us, the ones who are often easily affected by it. Every each one of us can contribute to solving this problem and making the world a better place. First of all, we have to change the climate of the school environment and stop putting the power in the hands of the teachers, or the government. I don’t believe they have the answers. I believe we do. It is out lives after all. The truth is that there’s no law that can be passed on the federal level to stop or prevent bullying. The public school system in the U.S. is operated by state laws that are hard to pass. (Bullying Prevention State Laws) Rather than dealing with the legal system, we should come to an understanding that we have the power to make a shift in how people view bullying and react to it. It is not an over night thing. It has to become a cultural change, a movement of tolerance, love and acceptance. Another thing is that people pay too much attention to cyber bullying and consider it as the major dangerous form of bullying. But, truthfully, it’s really not. It’s the most visible because you can see all the hate mails and comments online. The worst bullying experience is face to face, on the street, in the school, at home. There has to be a support system in our communities. We need to change the way kids think about themselves. There has to be a suppÐ ¾rt system around every human being that can help anyone build confidence in themselves and others. The work has to be done from the ground up. Creating a climate and an environment in schools where everyone feels safe has to become a priority today for parents, school administration, teachers and students themselves. By doing little acts of kindness, we will create a loving and accepting environment. Just come to a friend or a person you don’t know. Say a compliment or how good the weather is today, or simply: you look great. These are the things that are going to chÐ °nge the culture and make a huge shift in how people communicate and react to bullying in a particular environment. Just set an example. Because teenager are very impressionable. And if you set an example, the rest will follow. Find a friend. Tell somebody in your life, someone important or maybe someone you don’t know about love, tolerance and acceptance. It is not gonna be just the experts that are going to change things. It is going to be all of us. As we all know, life is an energy. And we are responsible for the energy we bring into this space. Every action has an opposite and equal reaction. If you insult someone, the negative energy you put onto them will come back to you. By brining negative energy onto those people, you are making them bring negative energy onto others. Firstly, empowering youth is one of the keys to stopping bullying. All of us have to set an example of brave and tolerant human beings. It has to become cool to be the person that says that something’s not quite right here, that help is needed here. For whatever reason, students tend to ignore the acts of bulling or teasing in school. They go to classes, do their homework, hand in the paper, go home Students notice the violence, happening in schools, but the do not speak about it. There needs to be attention that is payed to looking for signs of violence and bullying. When students start to look up for each other, then the major shift is made. Secondly, using a multifaceted, comprehensive approach will definitely decrease the percentage of bullied kids. This approach includes establishing a school-wide policy that addresses indirect bullying, providing guidelines for teachers and, most importantly, students on specific actions to take if bullying occurs, encouraging students to report known bullying, to be supportive to classmates who may be bullied and educating and involving parents so they understand the problem and the importance of it. I believe that each of us comes with a gift to use our lives, to bring goodness to the world, to connect with other people. Every single person, whether it’s victim of violence or the person who committed the violence,has one thing in common: we all want to know that what we do and what we say and who we are matters. We want to be validated. Every single person. Every argument is really about: do you see me, do you hear me, does what I say mean anything to you? Come up to a girl who always seats alone at the canteen, talk to her. Maybe you will be the one who’ll make her day. Be loving, accepting and tolerant. Only this way we’ll create a kind, free from violence and bullying environment.

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay

Dot Net Sap Integration With Exchange Infrastructure Computer Science Essay The SAP Connectors allow the integration of different applications using its technology with SAP Systems using the standards. The connectors are means for technical interoperability of SAP Components (written in ABAP or ABAP Objects) and other components (e. g. written in Java, C++, Visual Basic, .NET, etc.). There are many types of SAP Connectors such as SAP .NET Connector, SAP JAVA Connector, SAP DCOM Connector, SAP BUSINESS Connector. SAP Exchange Infrastructure is middleware which can be used by various applications and technologies to integrate with SAP using an open protocol and standards. SAP Exchange Infrastructure (SAP XI) is SAPs enterprise application integration (EAI) software, a component of the Net Weaver product group used to facilitate the exchange of information among a companys internal software and systems and those of external parties. Like other Net Weaver components, SAP XI is compatible with software products of other companies. SAP calls XI an integration broker because it mediates between entities with varying requirements in terms of connectivity, format, and protocols. According to SAP, XI reduces integration costs by providing a common repository for interfaces. The central component of SAP XI is the SAP Integration Server, which facilitates interaction between diverse operating systems and applications across internal and external networked computer systems. Exchange Infrastructure SAP Xi- Architecture XI is well suited for connecting SAP systems with each other and with non-SAP. If the focus is not on SAP systems, other solutions might be a better choice today. SAP XI provides an integrated workflow engine that allows to define adapters to non-XML-protocols and mappings to convert data content from source to target. Central XI monitoring offers the following options: Component monitoring Message monitoring Performance monitoring Alert configuration Cache monitoring Business Process Management A business process is an executable, cross-system process. In a business process we can define all the process steps that are to be executed and the parameters relevant for controlling the process. Implement cross-component Business Process Management (BPM) when required to define, control, and monitor complex business processes that extend across enterprise and application boundaries. Integration Engine The Integration Engine is the runtime environment of the SAP Exchange Infrastructure. It enables to process XML messages exchanged between applications in heterogeneous system landscapes. Both applications of SAP components and external applications can communicate with the Integration Engine. Using adapters, the Integration Engine can also process IDocs (Intermediate Documents) and RFCs (Remote Function Calls). This option is available for applications that have already defined IDocs or RFCs, as well as for applications of SAP components that do not yet have access to the proxy generation functions. The following are examples of other important parts of this infrastructure: Proxy Generation Integration Repository Integration Directory The integration processes involved can take place between heterogeneous system components within a company, as well as between business partners outside company boundaries. Adapter Runtime A central component of the adapter runtime is the Adapter Framework, with services for messaging, queuing, and security handling. The adapter framework supports the JCA standard (JCA: J2EE Connection Architecture) and communicates with Resource Adapters, which are either a component of SAP XI or are provided by SAP partners. All adapters shipped by SAP are resource adapters, apart from the IDoc adapter. The following adapter components are based on the adapter framework: Adapter Engine (J2EE): For adapter communication within a system network. Partner Connectivity Kit (J2EE): Enables business partners who do not have SAP XI installed to receive and send messages System landscape Directory Business partners who use SAP Exchange Infrastructure (XI) can exchange messages between their system landscapes. If both business partners use SAP XI 3.0, then we can connect the two Integration Servers to exchange data. An SAP XI 3.0 Integration Server can also send and receive SAP XI 2.0 messages. Therefore, it is also possible to integrate business partners who use SAP XI 2.0. Small business partners who do not use SAP XI can use the Partner Connectivity Kit (PCK) to exchange messages with the system landscape of a business partner who uses SAP XI 3.0. Partner Connectivity Kit The PCK of the smaller business partner receives a message from its system landscape and converts the format of the message to XI message protocol. The message is forwarded to the Integration Server for further processing. To forward XML messages from the Integration Server to a receiver business system in the system landscape of the smaller business partner, the PCK of the business partner receives the message, converts into the format required by the receiver system, and then forwards the message. The PCK contains the following adapters: RFC Adapter File Adapter JMS Adapter JDBC Adapter SOAP Adapter XI Adapter How SAP XI works with .Net? If the .NET application is exposing any API in the form of Web servics, SAP XI can make a call to the web service. If .Net app is on the sending then it can call SAP XI using a HTTP call or using a Web service. WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is generated using SAP XI and then its used to generate the client proxies in VB. The ASP.NET web application interacts with SAP XI using generated VB class and SAP XIs SOAP adapter. WSDL WEB SOAP SOAP RFC User Generate Client proxies using WSDL in VB/C# Reference.cs Form.aspx Form.aspx.cs Webapp.dll ASP.NET Web Appln Steps for connecting .Net with SAP: Configurations from SAP Xi side Create request message mapping. Create response message mapping. Create interface mapping between source target. Create sender communication channel of type SOAP adapter using the outbound synchronous interface and its namespace. Create receiver communication channel of type RFC adapter. Create receiver determination using sender service, outbound synchronous interface, receiver R/3 business system and then create interface determination using RFC and finally create receiver agreement using receiver RFC channel. Create a WSDL for the outbound synchronous interface. Use this URL http://host:port/XISOAPAdapter/MessageServlet?channel=party:service:channel while defining web service. Save the WSDL (Web Services Description Language) in the local system. Configurations in .Net side Open the development environment of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET and create a new project of type Visual Basic using the template ASP.NET Web Application. Copy the WSDL generated using SAP XI in the root folder of web application. Go To solution explorer > References > Add Web Reference. Browse To: Web services on local machines. Select the service and click on Add reference. When the web reference is added for the WSDL the .VB source (proxy) is generated in the Web References folder of the web application. This proxy needs to be compiled into Dynamic Linked Library .DLL. For this, build the web application using Build>Build Web application. The DLL is generated in webapp/bin/ folder Pros Monitoring is better than any other middleware product. It offers exhaustive monitoring features like message, performance, component monitoring etc, all of which can be used to track and rectify the errors. It follows a hub and spoke model. When we need to integrate with an SAP system XI has an advantage in supporting various SAP components and so on. Process functionalities inside XI to modify content in the communication channel on own defined rules for business purposes. Mappings and adapters are good as comparable with any other middleware product. Synchronous Asynchronous communication is possible. Cons Web methods are particularly good if u have B2B kind of communication with their Trading Partners product. XI is lacking full-fledged Message Queue compared to other established Middleware products. It lacks in ability to process huge messages but SAP is working on that. It does not have a messaging layer exposed by APIs like IBM MQ-Series. It is not comparable to Tibco in terms of speed. SAP relies on other vendors except for a few adapters. Conclusion: Currently applications in Honeywell are using the various SAP connectors. Migrating the applications integration to SAP Exchange Infrastructure will get cost advantage by avoiding SAP connector licenses. SAP PI Base Engine is priced based on the overall processed message volume expressed in Gigabytes (GB) per month. The applications will also benefit from modern integration functionalities like delivery assurance, once-only, ordered-delivery, prioritization, review of messages and resubmitting after correction. SAP Xi is one of the key building blocks of enterprise SOA architecture provided by SAP. We can continue to leverage towards Honeywell SOA based IT landscape with SAP Xi.

Tough Guy Case Study: Managing Organizational Conflict Essay -- Tough

Introduction: The Tough guy case study focuses on Chip Mazey, a newly appointed Vice President of the Hudson Smith Gordon. Though many of the employees that worked with Chip Mazey had a problem with his attitude around the workplace, none was bold enough to confront him. The employees faced many challenges as none of them has the power to change. They all considered it â€Å"tricky business†. The employees were hesitant to report Mazey’s attitude mainly because they thought he would deny the allegations or reporting it to the seniors would result in a tense situation within the workplace. As such, they all chose to bear with his sharp, unprovoked, and unrelenting lashings. Defining the Problem: Chip Mazey, man who has been with the organization, has done wonders to the organization with his sheer intelligence and working style, known to have shown productive results. Yet he also had bagged the ill reputation of being a ruthless and reprove in nature. Mazey though has been part of the organization for a longtime, developed poor interpersonal and managerial skills. Hardly appreciates of their work, never gave credit or appreciated for good work and also had disgusting behavior of selling other’s ideas as his. His mantra for controlling and influencing his subordinates was to put them under pressure and float fear among them. Almost every employee have a disconcerting experiences with VP. In fact Mazey doesn’t share all the details that are required to complete the task, created panic in the minds of the employees by showcasing the meetings which were not planned and used to assign the tasks which were no necessity. He constantly took means of threatening, demand ing, intimidating which clearly shows that he was dominant in nature and... ...ngo. Manuel Mendonca. Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. ISBM 0-8039-5787-4. SAGE Publications, India. Lussier, R.N., & Achua, C.F., (2010). Leadership, Theory, Application, & Skill Development. (4th ed). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Allen Nan, S. (2008). Conflict resolution in a network society. International Negotiation, 13(1), 111-131. doi:10.1163/138234008X297995 Brubaker, D., & Verdonk, T. (1999). Conflict transformation training in another culture: A case study from Angola. Mediation Quarterly, 16(3), 303-319. Tost, L., Gino, F., & Larrick, R.P (2013). When power makes others speechless: The negative Impact of Leader power on team performance. Academy Of Management Journal, 56(5), 1465-1486. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0180 Yemen, G., Clawson, J., & Bigelow, E.T. (2007). Tough Guy. University of Virginia, Darden Business Publishing.

Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- European History Corsica Essays

Napoleone Buonaparte Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was given the name Napoleone Buonaparte. He was the second of eight children of Carlo and Letizia Buonaperte, both of the Corsican-Italian gentry. Before Napoleone, no Buonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. His father Carlo, was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island in 1768, he served as a prosecutor and a judge and entered the French aristocracy as a count. Through his father's influence, Napoleone was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the Ecole Militaire, in Paris. Napoleone graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant. After the revolution began in France, he became a lieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. However, when Corsica declared independence in 1793, Buonaperte, a Republican, and a French patriot, fled to France with his family. He was assigned, as captain, to an army besieging Toulon, a naval base that was aided by a British fleet, while in revolt against the republic. It was here that Napoleone Buonaperte officially changed his name to Napoleon Bonaparte, feeling that it looked "more French". It was here too that Napoleon replaced a wounded artillery general, and seized ground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor, and Toulon fell. As a result of his accomplishments, Bonapatre was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795, he saved the revolutionary government by dispersing an insurgent mob in Paris. Then in 1796 he married Josephine de Beauharnais, the mother of two children and the widow of an aristocrat guillotined in the Revolution. Early in his life Napoleon was showing signs of militaristic geniuses and knowledge for formidable strategy. It was through the application of his skills, and a revolutionary style of spontaneous fighting styles than gave Napoleon the opportunities, which he jumped at, making his the great military leader he is known as today. Latter in1796, Napoleon became commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, each at impossible odds, and forced Austria and it's allies to make peace. The Treaty of Campo Formio provided that France keep most of its conquests. In northern Italy he f... ...ropean countries. Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. "Power is my mistress" (VI pg. 176), he said. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose. He could bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food, bad wine, and for cheap tobacco. He could be hypnotically charming for a needed purpose of course. He had intense loyalties to his family and old associates. Even so, nothing or nobody, were allowed to interfere with his work. Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authorian. But one who believed, however in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed on plebiscites. He was also a great enlightened monarch-a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the intuitions of Europe and give the Continent a common law. Few historians deny that he was a military genius. At St. Helena, he said "Waterloo will erase the memory of all my victories." (VII pg.345) he was wrong; for better or worse, he is best remembered as a general, not for his enlightened government, but surely the latter must be counted if he is justly to be called "Napoleon the Great".

Organisational Devlopment: Levels of Diagnosis Essay

It is pointless conducting diagnosis at the individual level, because most issues can be addressed at the organization and group level. Discuss. Within modern business practices continual evolution is essential for long term organisational outcomes. With economic pressures, a growing demand for perceptibly social and environmental responsibility and an increasingly focus towards international and worldwide trade, modern organizations are confronted with an almost constant need for change (Waddell, Cummings and Worley, 2007). Thus it is important for leaders to have a sound understanding of change issues and theories (Waddell, 2002). Organisational development (OD) is described as a systematic application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational structures, processes and strategies for improving organisational effectiveness (Waddell et al. , 2007). Diagnosis it an integral part of successful OD implementation and is performed on one or more levels including ‘individual’, ‘group’ and ‘organisational’ diagnosis. Thus for successful long term outcomes it is necessary to investigate the role of diagnosis within successful OD implementation, with a focus on ‘individual’ level diagnosis in contrast to both ‘group’ and ‘organisational’. Diagnosis within organisation development is described as an intervention that develops information about the various subsystems of an organisation as well as the patterns and processes that take part in an organisation (Beckhard, 1969). Similarly, Waddell et al. 2007) depict diagnosis as the process of understanding how the organisation is currently functioning, in order to successfully develop change intervention. Thus within modern firms this process develops insight for both the client and OD coordinator into the functioning and efficiency on individual, group and organisational levels. Aldefer and Brown (1975) suggest that the process of diagnosis also serves to motivate organisational members to engage in change. Nadler (1977) reinforces this, depicting that diagnosis provides employees or members with a direction for change. As such, diagnosis within OD has been described as the ‘key’ in developing successful interventions (Burton & Obel, 2004). As well the diagnostic process is referred to as collaborative between OD consultant and client (Stacey, 2007), in which the two parties work together to develop action plans for effective change process. Waddell et al. (2007) reinforces this suggesting that the values and ethics that underlie OD suggest that both change agents and organisational members should be involved in developing and implementing appropriate interventions. Organisations, when viewed as open systems can be diagnosed as three levels, including organisation, group and individual (Waddell et al. , (2007). The highest level is the organisational level and includes the design of the organisations structure, strategy and processes. The next level consists of groups or departments within the organisational structure, including group design and interaction devices. The lowest level of organisational diagnosis is the individual level, including job design and personnel characteristics. Todnem (2005) suggest organisational diagnosis can occur at all three levels or it may be limited to problems that occur at a single level. For example, if there was a problem with output resulting from a single job design there would be only need for individual level diagnosis. Similarly Coghlan (1994) illustrates that the key to effective diagnosis is to know what to look for at each level, as well as how the levels affect each other. Waddel et al. (2007) depict the organisational level of diagnosis as the broadest systems perspective that is typically taken in diagnostic activities. This level focuses on the organisation against inputs such as the general environment and industry structure to achieve outputs such as performance, efficiency and stakeholder satisfaction through strategy and organisational design. Todnem (2005) suggests that design components within this level can also include HRM, culture and technology. Similarly the general environment can include a vast amount of extraneous variables including social, technological, economical, ecological and political (Stahl, 1997). Thus this level provides a broad basis for diagnosis within the largest environment. As such this level of diagnosis is most crucial when designing or redesigning action plans focused around the organisation as a whole. These strategies may include organisational goals and objectives, mission or organisational policies. (Waddell et al. (2007). Modern organizations are developing action plans in order to change practices to incorporate environmental and social responsibility. These plans and interventions designed at achieving change include organisational wide strategies, such as redesigning business infrastructure as well as changing major mission values/goals and policies within those companies. An example of integrating effective organisatinoal diagnosis is RIO TINTO’s continual development and change towards more sustainable, environmentally responsible mining processes in order for long term outcomes (RIO TINTO, 2010). Through external forces or inputs they developed and integrated various interventions to remodel major sectors within the firm completely. Thus developing and maintaining successful strategic design requires effective organisational diagnosis. The next level of diagnosis is group, and can apply to both larger operating division of firms such as BHP Billiton, or to smaller departments within organisations (Waddell et al. , 2007). Coghlan (1994) depicts that division or larger groups within such multinational firms generally follow the same dimension and relational fits applicable to organisational level development. Inversely Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that small departments and groups behave differently from larger divisions or organisations and thus require a suitable diagnostic model to reflect those dimensions. As such, group level diagnosis consists of organisational design as an input, resulting in outputs of team effectiveness through design components such as task structure, group functioning, performance norms, group composition and goal clarity. Stahl (1997) describes group diagnosis as relative to a small number of people working face to face on a shared task or program. Laser (1995) suggests supportive organisational design is crucial for effective groups to operate. Harrison and Shirom (1999) reinforce this depicting that group structure and components are highly interrelated to organisational wide strategy and design. Goal clarity is a major design component within group level diagnosis, and refers to how well the group understands its objectives. Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that goals should be understood by all members, moderately challenging, measurable, and monitored and, have structure for providing feedback of achievement. An example may include group targets for sales teams. Stahl (1997) illustrates that goal clarity is of crucial importance to successful group outcomes. Coghlan (1994) reinforces this depicting that clear goals provide motivation and direction to group dynamics. Group level diagnosis is considered a more specific approach to an internalized problem than organisational diagnosis and can include problem solving groups built for a specific function (Stahl, 1997). However organisational and group levels remain highly interrelated through organisational design. The lowest level of diagnosis is the individual job or position. Waddel et al. (2007) suggest that organisations are made up of numerous groups and in turn, those groups are composed of several positions. Callan (1993) depicts individual diagnosis as highly specified and dynamic. Similarily Stahl (1997) described the individual level diagnosis as having a minimal effect on the organization as a whole. As the individual level focuses on a single job design it requires a new model of job-level diagnosis (Waddell et al. , 2007). The inputs within this level are organisational design, group design and personnel characteristics, and the resulting outputs aimed at achieving are individual effectiveness, through performance, job satisfaction and individual development. The design components utilized to transform the inputs within this model are skill variety, task identity, autonomy, task significance and feedback about results. Coghlan (1994) suggests that effective feedback mechanisms are crucial to continual intervention and employee development. Feedback refers to the degree to which employees are provided with clear information about performance and effectives of their activities (Waddell et al. , 2007). Such mechanisms could include both formal and informal methods such as casual on the spot feedback or yearly performance appraisals. Conversely Callan (1993) depicts task significance as a major influence on outcomes within the individual level, suggesting that the level to which the employee’s job impacts on other people’s lives has a powerful affect on resulted outcomes. Individual level changes and restructuring can result in higher outcomes of individual’s position through higher individual interest and personnel investment in their jobs (Waddell et al. , 2007). As well higher productivity on an individual level transfers to more successful organisational outcomes, and thus benefits both the workers and the firm. The importance of diagnosis on an individual level can be relatively debatable dependent on organisational type, infrastructure and individual job function (Mclean, 2005). Individual level diagnosis relies on organisational design, group design and personal characteristics for transference into outputs (Waddle et al. 2007). Thus this job level is highly interrelated and dependent on the effectiveness of the design components of both organisational and group level. Hence, effective intervention development within the first two levels of diagnosis would result in a large proportion of successful outputs on an individual level (Harrison and Shirom, 1999). Conversely personal characteristics can include dynamic and uncontrollable extraneous variables which may result in a varied output on the job level. (Burton & Obel, 2004). Thus in order to limit a varied result within output it may be necessary to conduct individual diagnosis of job design relevant to the specific problem or concern. As well Mclean (2005) emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction in relation to staff turnover in order for long term development and organisational outcomes. Waddel et al. (2007) reinforce this depicting a ‘two sided’ relationship between employee satisfaction and interest and the consequential favorable outcomes for the firm. Cobb (1986) illustrates that redesigning individual level jobs can be crucial for successful outcomes within specified problems. As well Beer and Spector (1993) suggest that the success of OD interventions rely heavily on the accuracy of diagnosis within organisations. Thus for a higher probability of favorable outcomes for developed interventions it is necessary to conduct diagnosis over all three levels. Organisational development is a critical process for both short and long term outcomes within modern business practice. With growing economic, social and environmental pressure, there is a greater need for organisational change than ever before. Successful OD is heavily reliant on the effectiveness of diagnosis within an organisation in order to develop appropriate interventions to develop change within the firm. All three levels of diagnosis within OD are important to developing effective mechanisms for change. Organisational diagnosis is more responsive to external influences and direct pressure for both social and environmental concerns. However both group and individual levels are highly interrelated with the success of change interventions and in particular the development of productivity and efficiency to provide support against the economic strain. Individual level diagnosis is highly interrelated within the other levels and as such may not be necessary within some OD applications.

Case study of the hydropower development in Argentina Essay

In this paper I would also discuss one more case of the hydropower regulation and assessment. The next country to be discussed is Argentina. This country also possesses considerable hydropower potential. It has been estimated that the country has the potential of production of 169,000 GWh/year . Argentina relies in its future development on hydropower as a source of energy. That’s why its scientists resort to close examination of various aspects of hydropower development and impact on environment and society. Great emphasis is also placed on the financial aspect of hydropower development and legal regulation of hydroelectric plants and dams construction. Therefore, Argentina greatly relies on sustainable development, which can be defined as â€Å"the process which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† . Sustainable development of the hydropower potential of the country requires deep consideration and cooperation of three basic components – economic growth, environmental security and social justice . There are several acts, which serve the legal basis of the hydropower development in Argentina. One of the most important of them is The Electricity Regulatory Framework Law, which implemented the National Electricity Regulatory Commission (ENRE). ENRE is an independent item, which operates within the framework of the Secretariat of State for Energy. The latter in its turn creates the regulations, which control the work of the electricity industry . The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is the legislative component, which is responsible for the energy policy implementation. Within its frame this legislative body has one more component, the National Electricity Regulator (ENRE), which is responsible for actual application of the regulatory framework stated in the Law 26,046 of 1991 . ENRE is responsible for regulation and supervision of whole energy sector under federal control, while the other utilities are regulated by provincial regulators. The other important regulatory body of the energy sector is CAMMESA (Compania Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Electrico), which supervises whole wholesale electricity market through establishing the price of electricity, operating the electricity system and the controlling the commercial transactions in the electricity market Very important role in the energy sector of Argentina is given to the Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE), which was established in 1960 and currently plays the role of the administrator of the Funds, which given to special electricity operations. CFEF also performs consulting function of the National and the Provincial Governments regarding the power industry, new projects and researches, public and private energy services, and electricity tariffs and prices as well as changes in the legislative base of the power industry The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) regulates creation and implementation of programs concerning renewable energies and energy efficiency. The Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is in charge of the questions concerning environmental policy. The legal basis of Argentina concerning the energy is Law 25,019 from 1998 and Law 26,190, from 2007. Changes to this law, made in 2007, focus on the national interest in renewable energy sources in regard with the public services. The law states that within the next ten years the consumption of the energy, produced from the renewable sources, will grow up to 8 %. The other main point is that law establishes a Trust Fund, which promotes the development of the renewable energy. Hydropower is recently viewed in Argentina as a potential key source of energy. On the one hand its advantages are clearly visible: it has less negative impact on the climate change as compared with fossil fuels, it’s relatively clean and environmentally-friendly, low-cost and renewable. However, not all the researchers are so optimistic. Many of them claim that hydropower plants have a negative influence on surrounding area and society. As one more proof they point at additional expenses in case of shortfalls . Sometimes, these disadvantages are even overemphasized, which presents hydropower in the negative light, or even present it as potentially dangerous. In the process of the research I found a very interesting fact, showing that such claims for the most part come from the most unexpected source – NGOs, the primary intention of which is conservation. However, in this process they seem to completely disregard such important aspects of the country development as poverty alleviation, obtaining a valuable source of cheap energy and promotion of the safe water environment, which can be provided by hydropower plants . Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the hydropower plants in Argentina is based on the Sustainable Guidelines of the International Hydropower Association, which focus on environmental, social and economic aspects of the hydropower plant construction and operation . In order to develop new hydropower projects in accordance with the newest ecological and social requirements, Argentina greatly relies on five key areas characterized by Dr. Kofi Annan on the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. These five key areas include: water, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity . Conclusions. So, in this paper I investigated the role of the hydropower as an alternative source of environment, associated expenses and benefits to the society. I also made a review of the history of the hydropower as a source of energy and compared it with the other sources. I made an overview of the legislative base of two countries – China and Argentina concerning hydropower energy and their potential of development of the hydropower as an alternative source of energy. References ADB, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2004. Online. Available at: 30 September 2007. Advantages of Hydropower. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Atkins, W. , Hydropower: Impacts and Trends. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Buckley, L. Hydropower in China: Public Participation and Energy Diversity, Online. Available from: . 30 September 2007 Becker, H. A. Social impact assessment: method and experience in Europe, North America and the developing world, London, UCL Press, 1997. BP Annual Report, 2006, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Burdge, R. J. , A Community Guide to Social Impact Assessment, Middleton, USA, Social Ecology Press, 2004. China Passes Renewable Energy Law, Online. Available from: 2005. Coordinacion de Energias Renovables, Potencial de los aprovechamientos energeticos en la Republica Argentina, 2006. Devoto, A. , Hydroelectric power and development in Argentina, ENTE Nacional Regulador de la Electicidad, 2005. Graham, I. , Water Power, Austin, TX, Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1999. Hydropower, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Interorganizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social Impact Assessment , 2003. Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines. Tunis: African Development Bank, 2003. Online. Available at: International Association for Impact Assessment, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Kellert, S. R. , Macmillan Encyclopedia of the Environment, vol. 3. New York, Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1997. Learn about Hydroelectric Power Alternative Energy Source, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Petts, J. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, Blackwell, Oxford, 2005. Renewabables Global Status Report. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Rosso, A. La construccion como herramienta del crecimiento continuado. Sector electrico. Evaluacion de las inversiones necesarias para el sector electrico nacional en el mediano plazo. Camara Argentina de la Construccion, 2006. Rules of land compensation and people resettlement in medium and large hydraulic and hydroelectricity projects. State Council, 1991. Ryan, V. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower, Online. Available from: 30 September 2007. Summer of International dissent against Heavy Industry, Saving Iceland. Online. Available from: 30 September 2007 Sadler, B. , Verocai, I. & Frank Vanclay. Environmental and Social Impact. Assessment for Large Scale Dams. Middleton, WI: The Social Ecology Press, 2000 Taylor CN, Bryan CH, Goodrich CG. Social Assessment: theory, process and techniques. Middleton, WI, The Social Ecology Press, 2004. The Historic Mechanicville Hydroelectric Station, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Jan/Feb. 2007 Tremblay, V. , Roehm and Garneau, Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Fluxes and Processes, Springer, 2005. Xiaogang, Yu & Jia Jiguo. An Overview of Participatory Social Impact Assessment for Manwan Hydropower Station in Lancang River. Asian Science and Technology Institute, 2000.

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Project Management - Project Breakdown, Risks and Staffing Assignment

Project Management - Project Breakdown, Risks and Staffing - Assignment Example This paper highlights the possible risks in the organization and how they can be analysed and managed. The organization faces a challenge of the inability to influence wider and diverse market margins. The company is striving to widen its customer diversity and population. This is hindered with the various risks the company faces such as stiff competition from similar companies and lack of sufficient stuffing. The company lacks enough employees hence the production of the company is not to its maximum. There is also poor human resource management. The organization finds it difficult and expensive to train the recruited employees. It is hard for the organisation to replace the experienced personnel who leave with new recruits who take time before conforming to the organisation’s operations and strategies. The organisation faces constant shifting of the employees and this gives it a disadvantage compared to the competitors. Another risk that the organization faces is lack of sufficient resources and funds to hire more employees. More employees will enable the organisation to hav e broader market margins as there level of production will be increased. This problems affect all departments of the organisation hence put the whole organization at risk. The organisation has not fully implemented technology in its daily routine and operations. The computer services and the internet facilities are not fully utilized by the employees of the organization. This particularly affects the HR, marketing and finance department. If this problems are not adhered to the company faces a threat of falling out of competition and closing down in the long run. Failing to diversify and widen it market margin gives the competitors an advantage. This also hinders the organisation from attracting more customers hence limiting the amount of profit the company

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Historical and legal controversy - Essay Example In the correct context, it was expected that Thomas becket would have used his appointive position to defend the royal affairs, on the contrary, he began to champion for ecclesiastical rights. Specifically, there was the question of how the clergy who committed crimes were supposed to be dealt with. In the conventional world and sense, one would have expected that all clerics who took minor orders were supposed to be subjected to secular rigour and law when on the wrong. This was due to the fact that the so called minor clerics constituted up to one fifth of the population (Knowles, 9). In principle, it implies that one fifth of the population could have been spared from secular authority and instead be subjected to ecclesiastical hierarchy and judges. As a matter of fact, this situation whereby the clerics were to be tried under the ecclesiastical laws regardless of the nature of their crime is called the benefit of the clergy. According to Thomas Becket, all the clergy were suppose d to enjoy the benefit of the clergy regardless of their position in the hierarchy or hegemony of clerical service King Henry on the other hand believed that the proposition by his former ally turned nemesis that the clerics were to be excused from secular regimes of law was going to undercut his authority. In retrospect, the King opposed the position taken by the archbishop, thus controversy and discomfort did set in as a result. Another dispute arose when Thomas Becket endeavored to recover lost land that did belong to the diocese with a royal writ. In the long end, he made a lot of recoveries of land some of which were done in a high-handed manner. The subjects then took matter up with the king and it also contributed to the long standing dispute (Plucknett, 6). At one point, the archbishop, Thomas Becket tried to install a clerk or a clerical officer in a land

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Negotiation Paper - Assignment Example To begin with, however, the nurse stated her primary concern that she would only work with $X per month. The organization was planning to pay $Y per month, however, the amount stated by $X was significantly less. In this way, by falsely anchoring her self, the nurse was now in a weak position to get only what she had asked for. The hospital had a BATNA now. It was able to see that should it state an amount of $Z that was near to the amount X that the nurse had wanted, that organization would be able to reach an agreement at a much lower price than what it intended to pay. Here the focus now shifted more towards material interests of getting the nurse to agree for the new amount. If the nurse did not agree, the organization could simply walk away with it. When faced with the new amount, the nurse realized that she had been made an offer that in fact was not much to her liking. At this point she got emotional, since she felt that the organization was using her. Here the organization was only pressing on a statement given by the nurse to them before. However, the nurse now realizing her mistake was now feeling emotional. The organization here realized that her needs were mostly for material needs and to satisfy the physical needs of food, hunger and material safety. At this point the nurse was not interested in achieving a sense of personal well being. Here the organization thought of providing certain material gains to her to generate her interest. It offered her free lunch and commute and highlighted how it would help reduce her costs from her pay. In this way, it tried to highlight a common ground for both the organization and the nurse. By providing the nurse with her basic needs as per Maslow’s hierarchy, the organization w as able to convince the nurse to take up the position at a rate that was much less than the original amount the organization had planned in the first place. The art of negotiation therefore, relies heavily

Mechanical lock and phisical model Research Paper

Mechanical lock and phisical model - Research Paper Example fectiveness of the remotely controlled Security System since it decides the systems electrical requirements, physical security, installation and operation, as well as the industrial design of the end product. While the lock provides for the physical security of the Electronic Security System, the access control devices actuate the locking mechanism after validating the credentials of the owner and generating the signal for locking or unlocking the lock (Abloy, 2011). The monitoring system is to keep an eye of the lock tracking the movement of any object nearby, to maintain a database for the access control and to keep the recorded data available for ready access. The mechanical locks form the heart of the security system and are available in a variety of designs. A pin tumbler lock is proposed to for the heart of the locking mechanism. In the pin tumbler lock, the key fits into a rotatable tube, called a plug, which sits within a fixed cylinder known as the shell (Phillips, 2005). Rotating the plug within the shell operates the locking mechanism. When the lock is locked, the plug is prevented from rotating by little sticks of metal under spring pressure that protrude from the plug into the shell. Each stick, known as a pin stack, is cut into two (or more) pieces (pins) at one or more of a standard, discrete set of positions. When the lock is empty, the cuts in the pin stacks sit inside the plug and the ends of the outermost pins protrude into the shell. When a correct key is inserted, it lifts each pin stack to a height where the cut is precisely aligned with the boundary between plug and shell. This enables the plug to turn and operate the mechanism. The design of the electromechanical lock utilizes solenoid as main power in order to activate the lifting mechanism of the pin stack. Solenoid in general creates linear motion due to its force stroke characteristics. Energy efficient and forceful operation of the solenoid is vital for proper operation and longevity

Summary of a reading Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of a reading - Outline Example e1930s, the scars of World War II, and presence of unscrupulous players in the market coupled with legal restrictions kept the general public away from the stock market in the 1950s. A.D.Roy’s paper titled â€Å"Safety First and the Holding of Assets† published three months after Markowitz’s paper appeared in the Journal of Finance, discussed the same lines of arguments, but did not evoke any response. After earning his undergraduate degree in economics, Markowitz continued his graduate work while serving as a Research Associate at the Cowles Commission. He chose stock market as the subject of his doctoral dissertation in consultation with Jacob Marschak (director of Cowles Commission) and Marshall Ketchum (Dean of the Graduate School of Business). The Theory of Investment Value by John Burr Williams fascinated him, but it struck him that people should consider risk as well as return while making investment decisions. So he applied Tjalling Koopmans’ (Prof. of Economics at Chicago University) linear programming technique for solving problems of resource allocation under constraints, to analyze the choices facing an investor who must decide between seeking high returns and attempting to hold down risk at the same time. Diversification protects the investor from losing everything in one swoop. At the same time it reduces the opportunity of earning high returns by concentrating investment in one stock which appears to be the best. Markowitz followed the idea of the tension between risk and return and between diversification and concentration down two separate tracks. The first track, the subject of his 1952 article, tells the investor how to apply the trade off between risk and reward in selecting a portfolio, by applying Koopmans’ linear programming. The second track tells how each investor should go about selecting the single portfolio that most closely conforms to the investor’s goals. This aspect is treated at length in Markowitz’s book, Portfolio